Are there any small translucent spots on leaves, spots later turn black?
Do the leaves have colored spots or blotches?
Are the seedlings dying and the stems are girdled or rotted at the soil line?
Are there any discoloration at the soil line, cankers appear on the stem and may spread upwards, numerous small black sclerota develop in affected tissues?
Are there any yellow and wilting leaves, brown streaks appear on a lower surface of leaves, the growth is stunted?
Do the roots and crowns have dark brown spots at the soil level?
Are the roots dark brown, the plant is wilting, yellowing, and dying?
Are the leaves covered with white powder?
Are there any rust-colored spots on foliage?
Are the older leaves turning yellow and wilting, an overall decline in plant vigor is apparent?
Are the leaves mottled or streaked?
Bacterial leaf spot causes circular translucent spots scattered over the leaf surface. These spots turn brownish-black and may spread to form large patches of dead tissue. To prevent the spread of this disease, avoid working around wet plants. Remove and destroy affected parts. Spray Bordeaux mix on remaining plants.
Your plant is suffering from a fungal leaf spot. These can come from several fungus diseases, causing spots to occur on foliage. Spots may enlarge rapidly, especially in wet weather. Destroy infected leaves or plants. Spray plants with sulfur to prevent the disease from spreading, especially if the weather is wet. Spray between rains. Prevent problems by thinning plants to provide good air circulation.
If your seedlings are falling over and the stems are girdled or rotted at the soil line, the most likely cause is a damping-off disease. Remove and destroy all infected plants. To prevent damping-off let the soil surface dry between waterings, thin seedlings to avoid overcrowding, and do not add nitrogen fertilizers until plants have developed leaves.
Charcoal rot is a fungal disease that attacks safflowers. The fungus has a wide host range and affects beans, tobacco, soybean, pigeon pea, and many other crops. Organic soil amendments such as the addition of manure or neem cake can be used to reduce levels of inoculum in the soil.
Fusarium wilt is a fungal disease that causes these symptoms. High soil temperatures favor the disease emergence. Use only disease-free seed. Treat seeds with hot water to kill fungi before planting. Destroy affected plants at the first sign of fusarium. Rotate crops to non-susceptible species.
These symptoms indicate fungal disease Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot. Phytophthora pathogens are favored by wet conditions, and the risk of disease can be reduced with good water management. The disease tends to affect plants in poorly drained areas, where susceptible plants are surrounded by standing water or saturated soil for prolonged periods.
These symptoms indicate a fungal disease - Pythium Root Rot. Do not overwater plants. Remove affected plants and their roots, and discard surrounding soil. Plant only in the pasteurized soil. Hold back on fertilizing too. Keep hose ends off the ground. Apply a copper-based fungicide to protect plants.
White, powdery patches on the leaves are caused by a fungal disease Powdery mildew. Powdery mildew usually appears in damp places. Encourage good air circulation around the affected plants by thining them and any surrounding plants. Water plants from below to keep foliage dry. Any affected leaves should be cut off and removed. The appropriate fungicidal spray will protect your plant from further infections.
Rust-colored spots on foliage indicate a fungal disease - Rust. Provide good air circulation around plants by thining them. Avoid making leaves wet when watering. All infected leaves should be removed. Spray leaves with sulfur early in the season to prevent rust or to treat mild infections.
These symptoms indicate fungal disease Verticillium wilt. Verticillium infects a wide range of plant species. Destroy all infected plants, as there is no cure. Prevent problems by presoaking seed in a 10 percent bleach solution.
Mottled or streaked leaves are caused by Mosaic Virus. There is no cure for infected plants. Remove and destroy all plants that have the symptoms of the mosaic virus. Mosaic virus is spread by aphids, so the best way of preventing the disease is to control these insects.
Yellow, stunted plants and roots that have swollen galls indicate root-knot nematodes. Other symptoms are plants wilting during bright, hot days. Prevent root-knot nematodes by applying chitin or introducing parasitic nematodes to the soil before planting. Solarizing the soil also helps.
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Safflower.aspx
Ellis, B. W., Bradley, F. M., & Atthowe, H. (1996). The Organic gardener's handbook of natural insect and disease control: a complete problem-solving guide to keeping your garden & yard healthy without cheDefine What Is Wrong With My Safflower?
|_Ask Are there any small translucent spots on leaves, spots later turn black?
| |_Yes
| |_Return Bacterial leaf spot causes circular translucent spots scattered over the leaf surface. These spots turn brownish-black and may spread to form large patches of dead tissue. To prevent the spread of this disease, avoid working around wet plants. Remove and destroy affected parts. Spray Bordeaux mix on remaining plants.
|_Ask Do the leaves have colored spots or blotches?
| |_Yes
| |_Return Your plant is suffering from fungal leaf spot. These can come from a number of fungus diseases, causing spots to occur on foliage. Spots may enlarge rapidly, especially in wet weather. Destroy infected leaves or plants. Spray plants with sulfur to prevent the disease from spreading, especially if the weather is wet. Spray between rains. Prevent problems by thinning plants to provide good air circulation.
|_Ask Are the seedlings dying and the stems are girdled or rotted at soil line?
| |_Yes
| |_Return If your seedlings are falling over and the stems are girdled or rotted at the soil line, the most likely cause is a damping-off disease. Remove and destroy all infected plants. To prevent damping-off let the soil surface dry between waterings, thin seedlings to avoid overcrowding and do not add nitrogen fertilizers until plants have developed leaves.
|_Ask Are there any discoloration at the soil line, cankers appear on the stem and may spread upwards, numerous small black sclerota develop in affected tissues?
| |_Yes
| |_Return Charcoal rot is a fungal disease that attacks safflowers. The fungus has a wide host range and affects beans, tobacco, soybean, pigeon pea, and many other crops. Organic soil amendments such as the addition of manure or neem cake can be used to reduce levels of inoculum in the soil.
|_Ask Are there any yellow and wilting leaves, brown streaks appear on a lower surface of leaves, the growth is stunted?
| |_Yes
| |_Return Fusarium wilt is a fungal disease that causes these symptoms. High soil temperatures favor the disease emergence. Use only disease-free seed. Treat seeds with hot water to kill fungi before planting. Destroy affected plants at the first sign of fusarium. Rotate crops to non susceptible species.
|_Ask Do the roots and crowns have dark brown spots at the soil level?
| |_Yes
| |_Return These symptoms indicate fungal disease Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot. Phytophthora pathogens are favored by wet conditions, and the risk of disease can be reduced with good water management. The disease tends to affect plants in poorly drained areas, where susceptible plants are surrounded by standing water or saturated soil for prolonged periods. Provide adequate drainage and know the water needs of individual plants.
|_Ask Are the roots dark brown, the plant is wilting, yellowing, and dying?
| |_Yes
| |_Return These symptoms indicate a fungal disease - Pythium Root Rot. Do not overwater plants. Remove affected plants and their roots, and discard surrounding soil. Plant only in the pasteurized soil. Hold back on fertilizing too. Keep hose ends off the ground. Apply a copper-based fungicide to protect plants.
|_Ask Are the leaves covered with white powder?
| |_Yes
| |_Return White, powdery patches on the leaves are caused by a fungal disease Powdery mildew. Powdery mildew usually appears in damp places. Encourage good air circulation around the affected plants by thining them and any surrounding plants. Water plants from bellow to keep foliage dry. Any affected leaves should be cut off and removed. Appropriate fungicidal spray will protect your plant from further infections.
|_Ask Are there any rust colored spots on foliage?
| |_Yes
| |_Return Rust colored spots on foliage indicate a fungal disease - Rust. Provide good air circulation around plants by thining them. Avoid making leaves wet when watering. All infected leaves should be removed. Spray leaves with sulfur early in the season to prevent rust or to treat mild infections.
|_Ask Are the older leaves turning yellow and wilting, an overall decline in plant vigor is apparent?
| |_Yes
| |_Return These symptoms indicate fungal disease Verticillium wilt. Verticillium infects a wide range of plant species. Destroy all infected plants, as there is no cure. Prevent problems by presoaking seed in a 10 percent bleach solution.
|_Ask Are the leaves mottled or streaked?
|_Yes
| |_Return Mottled or streaked leaves are caused by Mosaic Virus. There is no cure for infected plants. Remove and destroy all plants that have the symptoms of the mosaic virus. Mosaic virus is spread by aphids, so the best way of preventing the disease is
Sreten null
Hi! I’m Sreten Filipović. I graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Belgrade, with a master's degree in Environmental Protection in Agricultural Systems. I’ve worked as a researcher at Finland's Natural Resources Institute (LUKE) on a project aimed at adapting south-western Finland to drought episodes. I founded a consulting agency in the field of environment and agriculture to help farmers who want to implement the principles of sustainability on their farms. I’m also a founding member of the nonprofit organization Ecogenesis from Belgrade whose main goal is non-formal education on the environment and ecology. In my spare time, I like to write blog posts about sustainability, the environment, animal farming, horticulture, and plant protection. I’ve also published several science-fiction short stories.
You can find me on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/sreten-filipovi%C4%87-515aa5158/
